Metformin Inhibits Proinflammatory Responses and Nuclear Factor- B in Human Vascular Wall Cells

Objective—Metformin may benefit the macrovascular complications of diabetes independently of its conventional hypoglycemic effects. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammatory processes participate in type 2 diabetes and its atherothrombotic manifestations. Therefore, this study examined the potential action of metformin as an inhibitor of pro-inflammatory responses in human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), macrophages (M s), and endothelial cells (ECs). Methods and Results—Metformin dose-dependently inhibited IL-1 –induced release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 in ECs, SMCs, and M s. Investigation of potential signaling pathways demonstrated that metformin diminished IL-1 –induced activation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFB) in SMCs. Furthermore, metformin suppressed IL-1 –induced activation of the pro-inflammatory phosphokinases Akt, p38, and Erk, but did not affect PI3 kinase (PI3K) activity. To address the significance of the anti-inflammatory effects of a therapeutically relevant plasma concentration of metformin (20 mol/L), we conducted experiments in ECs treated with high glucose. Pretreatment with metformin also decreased phosphorylation of Akt and protein kinase C (PKC) in ECs under these conditions. Conclusions—These data suggest that metformin can exert a direct vascular anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting NFB through blockade of the PI3K–Akt pathway. The novel anti-inflammatory actions of metformin may explain in part the apparent clinical reduction by metformin of cardiovascular events not fully attributable to its hypoglycemic action. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26:611-617.)